Microorganismos aislados de hemocultivos en niños con leucemia y linforma: Seis años de seguimiento / Microorganisms isolated from blood cultures in children with leukemia and lymphoma: six years of follow-up

Las Leucemias y linfomas constituyen las enfermedades oncológicas más frecuentes en pediatría y las bacteriemias representan infecciones graves en estos pacientes. Objetivos: describir los microorganismos aislados de sangre en pacientes con leucemia aguda o linfoma pediátrico; comparar la incidencia de aislamientos según enfermedad de base; detallar las variaciones en la incidencia de dichos aislamientos y la evolución de su resistencia antimicrobiana. Estudio retrospectivo, observacional. Se incluyeron 823 episodios de bacteriemia en 467 pacientes pediátricos, entre julio-2016 y junio-2022, dividido en tres períodos (período-1: años 2016- 2018, período-2: años 2018-2020, período-3: años 2020-2022). Se aislaron 880 microorganismos: 55,3% gram negativos (GN), 40% gram positivos (GP) y 4,7% levaduras. En GN predominaron: enterobacterias (72%) y en GP: estreptococos del grupo viridans (SGV) (34,1%). Se encontró asociación entre LLA-enterobacterias (p=0,009) y LMA-SGV (p<0,001). Hubo aumento de GN entre los períodos 1 y 3 (p=0,02) y 2 y 3 (p=0,002) y disminución de GP entre 2 y 3 (p=0,01). Se registraron los siguientes mecanismos de resistencia: BLEE (16,4%), carbapenemasas: KPC (2,5%); MBL (2,7%) y OXA (0,2%); meticilinorresistencia en Staphylococcus aureus (20%) y estafilococos coagulasa negativos (95%), vancomicina resistencia en Enterococcus spp. (39%), SGV no sensibles a penicilina (44%) y a cefotaxima (13%). Hubo aumento de MBL entre los períodos 1 y 2 (p=0,02) y una tendencia en disminución de sensibilidad a penicilina en SGV entre el 1 y 3 (p=0,058). El conocimiento dinámico y análisis de estos datos es esencial para generar estadísticas a nivel local, fundamentales para el diseño de guías de tratamientos empíricos (AU)

Leukemias and lymphomas are the most common cancers in children and bacteremia is a severe infection in these patients. Objectives: to describe the microorganisms isolated from blood in pediatric patients with acute leukemia or lymphoma; to compare the incidence of isolates according to the underlying disease; and to detail the variations in the incidence of these isolates and the evolution of their antimicrobial resistance. Retrospective, observational study. We included 823 episodes of bacteremia in 467 pediatric patients seen between July-2016 and June-2022, divided into three periods (period-1: 2016- 2018, period-2: 2018-2020, period-3: 2020-2022). A total of 880 microorganisms were isolated: 55.3% were gram-negative (GN), 40% gram-positive (GP) and 4.7% yeasts. In GN there was a predominance of: enterobacteria (72%) and in GP viridans group streptococci (VGS) (34.1%). An association was found between ALL-enterobacteria (p=0.009) and AML-VGS (p<0.001). There was an increase in GN between periods 1 and 3 (p=0.02) and 2 and 3 (p=0.002) and a decrease in GP between 2 and 3 (p=0.01). The following resistance mechanisms were recorded: BLEE (16.4%), carbapenemases: KPC (2.5%), MBL (2.7%), and OXA (0.2%); methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (20%) and coagulase negative staphylococci (95%), vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus spp. (39%), VGS resistant to penicillin (44%) and to cefotaxime (13%). There was an increase in MBL between periods 1 and 2 (p=0.02) and a decreasing trend in penicillin sensitivity in VGS between periods 1 and 3 (p=0.058). Dynamic knowledge and analysis of these data is essential to generate statistics at the local level, which is fundamental for the design of empirical treatment guidelines (AU)

Pediatric Emergency Care for Children and Adolescents with Cancer: Causes of Consultation and Factors Associated with Hospitalization / Atendimento de Emergência Pediátrica a Crianças e Adolescentes com Câncer: Causas de Consultas e Fatores associados à Internação / Atención de Emergencia Pediátrica al Niño y Adolescente con Cáncer: Causas de Consultas y Factores Asociados a la Hospitalización

Introduction: Pediatric emergency care is essential for adequate medical treatment of pediatric cancer-associated complications and for increasing the chances of cure. Objective: This study aimed to describe pediatric cancer-associated emergencies and outcomes, and to analyze the factors associated with hospitalization. Method: A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted including patients aged ≤19 years who attended the pediatric emergency of a general cancer hospital from April 17 to October 17, 2019. The variables analyzed were demographics, socioeconomic status, disease and treatment factors, reasons for seeking emergency care, and associated outcomes. Results: This study included 309 patients who required 994 emergency consultations, with a total of 766 reasons for seeking care. The median age was 4.86 years; 50.8% were female and 51.5% were white. The patients had solid tumors (49.8%), central nervous system tumors (27.5%), and hematological neoplasms (15.5%). Most of the patients were home discharged (72.2%) or to support houses (6.7%). Fever was the most frequent symptom (30.8%) and the most common reason for admission. 19.2% of the patients were admitted to the ward and 2.0% to the pediatric intensive care unit (2.0%). Only two of the 309 patients (0.6%) seeking care in the pediatric emergency died in the emergency room, and these patients were in end-of-life care. Conclusion: The availability of a pediatric emergency room with skilled professionals in supportive care of pediatric patients with cancer was essential for the management of disease and treatment-related complications

Introdução: O atendimento de emergência pediátrica é essencial para o tratamento adequado das complicações associadas ao câncer pediátrico e para aumentar as chances de cura. Objetivo: Descrever as emergências associadas ao câncer pediátrico e seus desfechos, e analisar os fatores associados à hospitalização. Método: Estudo de coorte observacional retrospectivo incluindo pacientes com idade ≤ 19 anos que foram atendidos na emergência pediátrica de um hospital oncológico geral no período de 17 de abril a 17 de outubro de 2019. As variáveis analisadas foram demográficas, socioeconômicas, fatores relacionados à doença e ao tratamento, razões para procurar atendimento de emergência e resultados associados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 309 pacientes que necessitaram de 994 consultas de emergência, totalizando 766 causas de atendimento. A idade mediana foi de 4,86 anos; 50,8% eram do sexo feminino e 51,5% afirmaram ser da raça branca. Os pacientes apresentavam tumores sólidos (49,8%), tumores do sistema nervoso central (27,5%) e neoplasias hematológicas (15,5%). A maioria dos pacientes foi liberada para a residência (72,2%) ou casa de apoio (6,7%). A febre foi o sintoma mais frequente (30,8%) e o motivo mais comum de admissão. Os pacientes foram internados em enfermaria (19,2%), ou em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica (2,0%). Somente dois dos 309 (0,6%) pacientes atendidos na emergência pediátrica morreram nesse setor, estando estes em cuidados de fim de vida. Conclusão: A disponibilidade de um departamento de emergência pediátrica com profissionais especializados e treinados em cuidados de suporte a pacientes pediátricos com câncer foi essencial para o manejo das complicações relacionadas à doença e ao tratamento

Introducción: La atención de emergencias pediátricas es fundamental para el adecuado tratamiento médico de las complicaciones asociadas al cáncer pediátrico y para aumentar las posibilidades de cura. Objetivo: Describir las emergencias asociadas al cáncer pediátrico y sus desenlaces, y analizar los factores asociados a la hospitalización. Método: Estudio de cohorte observacional retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes con edad ≤ 19 años que fueron atendidos en el servicio de emergencias pediátricas de un hospital general de oncología del 17 de abril al 17 de octubre de 2019. Las variables analizadas fueron demográficas, socioeconómicas, factores relacionados con la enfermedad y tratamiento, razones para buscar atención de emergencia y resultados asociados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 309 pacientes que requirieron 994 consultas de urgencia, totalizando 766 causas de atención. La mediana de edad fue de 4,86 años; el 50,8% eran mujeres y el 51,5% eran personas blancas. Los pacientes tenían tumores sólidos (49,8%), tumores del sistema nervioso central (27,5%) y neoplasias hematológicas (15,5%). La mayoría de los pacientes fueron dados de alta a su hogar (72,2%) o casa de apoyo (6,7%). La fiebre fue el síntoma más frecuente (30,8%) y el motivo de ingreso más frecuente. Los pacientes fueron admitidos en una sala (19,2%) o en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (2,0%). Solo 2 de 309 (0,6%) pacientes atendidos en el servicio de emergencias pediátricas fallecieron en este sector, estando estos en cuidados al final de la vida. Conclusión: La disponibilidad de un servicio de emergencias pediátricas con profesionales especializados y capacitados en el cuidado de apoyo al paciente oncológico pediátrico fue fundamental para el manejo de las complicaciones relacionadas con la enfermedad y el tratamiento

Bloodstream infection in pediatric patients with febrile neutropenia induced by chemotherapy

Abstract Introduction Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a serious complication of cancer chemotherapy. The present study aimed to identify risk factors for documented infection in pediatric patients with FN and cancer. Methods This prospective cohort study included patients under 18 years from 2016 to 2018. Infection was defined according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Results A total of 172 febrile neutropenic episodes were evaluated. From univariate analysis, the risk factors were: female gender; monocyte count < 100 cell/mm³, platelets < 50,000, C-reactive protein (CRP) > 90 mg/dl and hemoglobin < 7mg/dl at the onset of an episode; two or more episodes of FN, and; fever onset; positive blood culture at the fever onset. Independent risk factors according to the multivariate analysis were: CRP at the onset of a febrile episode > 90mg/dl, fever onset and first blood culture with a positive result. The lowest probability of infection was related to first episode and to platelets > 50,000 at the onset of fever. Conclusion A CRP > 90 at the onset of a febrile episode, platelets < 50,000, second episode or more, first fever episode during hospitalization and positive first blood culture were found to be associated with a higher risk of infection and they could be useful for the establishment of risk scores for infection in neutropenic children.

Clinical and microbiological profile and factors affecting outcome among pediatric febrile neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies

Objective@#To evaluate the clinical and microbiological profile and factors affecting outcome among pediatric febrile neutropenic (FN) patients with hematologic malignancies (HM)@*Methodology@#This was a cross-sectional study which looked into medical records of Filipino children 0-18years old diagnosed with FN and HM and admitted from June 2016 up to June 2022 at the St. Luke’s Medical Center, Quezon City (SLMC-QC). Data on age, sex, underlying malignancy, stage of treatment, site of infection, presence of central line, initial antibiotic therapy, culture positivity and isolates were retrospectively evaluated. Incomplete records were excluded. The relationship between clinical & microbiologic profile and outcomes were analyzed using T-test and Chi-square test. Significance was set at p<0.05.@*Results@#This study included 267 episodes of FN. Patients had a mean age of 8.3 years with male preponderance (59%). The most frequent underlying malignancy was acute lymphoblastic leukemia (61%). Episodes occurred primarily during the induction (40%) and consolidation phases (28%) of chemotherapy. Most (65%) had an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of <100/mm3 . Central line catheter was present in 59% of episodes and 52% had an implanted port. There was no identifiable focus of infection in 52% of cases. Gram-negative bacteria, specifically Klebsiella pneumoniae (13%) and Escherichia coli (11%) were the most common isolates. Most patients (88%) recovered. Age >10years, male sex, diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia, relapse disease, ANC <100/mm3 , presence of a central line, and central line associated bloodstream infection were significantly associated with duration of hospital stay. Presence of central venous line was the most significant factor associated with mortality. Conclusions: Several clinical and microbiological factors, specifically age >10years, male sex, diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia, relapse disease, ANC <100/mm3 , presence of a central line, and central line associated bloodstream infection, were documented to significantly affect outcome in Filipino pediatric FN patients with HM.

Prevalencia de gérmenes con multi resistencia antibiótica en bacteriemia asociada a neutropenia febril en pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados. Un estudio de centro único / Prevalence of germs with multi antibiotic resistance in bacteremia associated with febrile neutropenia in hospitalized cancer patients. A single-center study

Introducción: El cáncer en el año 2020 provoco 1,4 millones de muertes, el 47% en personas menores de 65 años de edad,la neutropenia febril en el paciente oncológico aumenta los casos de infecciones graves, incrementando la morbimortalidad cuando no se ha empezado un tratamiento de oportuno. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir una población con esta patología en un centro de referencia regional. Metodología: Este estudio transversal, se realizó en el Instituto Oncológico Nacional "Dr. Juan Tanca Marengo", Sociedad de Lucha contra el Cáncer, Solca Guayaquil, período enero 2020-junio 2021, con una muestra no probabilística, de pacientes con neoplasias, neutropenias y cultivos positivos. Se registraron variables demográficas, clínicas, de laboratorio. Se utiliza estadística descriptiva invariada. Resultados: Se analizan 126casos, de edad promedio 55 años, el 50.8% fue de sexo femenino; el 88.1 % ingresó con neutropenia febril; la estancia hospitalaria promedio fue de 7 días. La Escherichia coli fue el microorganismo más frecuente con el 17.5 %, seguido por Klebsiella neumonía en el 9.5 %, Enterobacteria aerógenas y Pseudomonas eruginosa en el 4.8 %. El 70.2 % de las bacterias aisladas presentó resistencia bacteriana, el 47 % fueron bacterias betalactamasa de espectro ampliado (BLEA), el 40 % fue betalactamasa de espectro extendido (BLEE), y el 5 % productor de carbapenémicas (KPC), el 57.5 % con resistencia bacteriana tuvo una estancia hospitalaria mayor a 7 días Conclusión: El principal microorganismo fue Escherichia coli y la resistencia mayormente la tuvieron las bacterias betalactamasa de espectro ampliado positiva; permitiendo conocer la epidemiología local del perfil microbiológico y su relación con los pacientes oncológicos con neutropenia febril

In troduction:Cancer in 2020 caused 1.4 million deaths, 47% in people under 65 years of age, febrile neu-tropenia in cancer patientsincreases cases of serious infections, increasing morbidity and mortality when Timely treatment has not been started. The objective of the present study was to describe a pop-ulation with this pathology in a regional reference center.Met hodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Oncology Institute "Dr. Juan Tanca Marengo," Society for the Fight Against Cancer, Solca-Guayaquil, period January 2020-June 2021, with a non-probabilistic sample of patients with neoplasms, neutropenia, and positive cultures. Demo-graphic, clinical, and laboratory variables were recorded. Univariate descriptive statistics are used.R esults: 126 cases were analyzed, with an average age of 55 years; 50.8% were female; 88.1% were admitted with febrile neutropenia; the average hospital stay was seven days. Escherichia coli was the most frequent microorganism with 17.5%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae in 9.5%, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Pseudomonas aureginosa in 4.8%. 70.2% of the isolated bacteria presented bacterial resistance, 47% were extendedspectrum beta-lactamase bacteria (ESBL), 40% were extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL), and 5% produced carbapenemases (KPC), 57.5% with bacterial resistance had a hospital stay greater than seven days.C o nclusion: The main microorganism was Escherichia coli, and resistance was primarily found in ex-tended-spectrum beta-lactamase-positive bacteria, allowing us to know the local epidemiology of the microbiological profile and its relationship with cancer patients with febrile neutropenia

Reactivación de la enfermedad de Chagas después de trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Chagas disease reactivation after autologous stem cell transplant. Case report and literature review

Introducción. La enfermedad de Chagas es una parasitosis endémica en Latinoamérica transmitida por triatominos. Está asociada a factores de riesgo como la pobreza y la ruralidad. Después de la infección aguda, un tercio de los pacientes presenta compromiso del corazón, el aparato digestivo o el sistema nervioso central, en tanto que los dos tercios restantes no presentan este tipo de compromiso secundario. La inmunosupresión farmacológica rompe el equilibrio entre el sistema inmunitario y el parásito, lo cual favorece su reactivación. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 58 años procedente de un área rural colombiana, con diagnóstico de mieloma múltiple resistente a los fármacos de primera línea de tratamiento, que requirió un nuevo esquema de quimioterapia y consolidación con trasplante autólogo de células madre. Después del trasplante, presentó neutropenia febril. Los estudios microbiológicos iniciales fueron negativos. En el frotis de sangre periférica, se demostraron tripomastigotes y se diagnosticó enfermedad de Chagas aguda posterior al trasplante. Se inició el tratamiento con benznidazol. La evolución del paciente fue satisfactoria. Conclusiones. La serología positiva para Chagas previa a un trasplante obliga a descartar la reactivación de la enfermedad en caso de neutropenia febril. Se requieren más estudios para determinar las herramientas que permitan estimar la probabilidad de reactivación de la enfermedad y decidir sobre la mejor opción de relación entre costo, riesgo y beneficio de la terapia profiláctica.

Introduction: Chagas disease is an endemic parasitic infection in Latin America transmitted by triatomines. It is associated with risk factors such as poverty and rurality. After acute infection, a third of patients will present target organ involvement (heart, digestive tract, central nervous system). The remaining two thirds remain asymptomatic throughout their life. Pharmacological immunosuppression breaks the balance between the immune system and the parasite, favoring its reactivation. Clinical case: We present the case of a 58-year-old man from a Colombian rural area with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma refractory to the first line of treatment who required a new chemotherapy scheme and consolidation with autologous stem cell transplant. During the post-transplant period, he suffered from febrile neutropenia. Initial microbiological studies were negative but the peripheral blood smear evidenced trypomastigotes in blood. With a diagnosis of acute Chagas disease in a post-transplant patient, benznidazole was started. The evolution of the patient was satisfactory. Conclusions: Positive serology prior to transplantation makes it necessary to rule out reactivation of the pathology in the setting of febrile neutropenia. More studies are required to determine tools for estimating the probability of reactivation of the disease and defining the best cost-risk-benefit relation for the prophylactic therapy.

Generalidades de las principales urgencias en el paciente oncológico: revisión de tema / Overview of the main emergencies in cancer patients: Review / Generalidades das principais urgências no paciente oncológico: revisão de tema

Las urgencias oncológicas son complicaciones comunes de la evolución natural del tumor o de su manejo. Algunas pueden presentarse de manera sutil y ser pasadas por alto, lo que aumenta la morbimortalidad. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es recopilar información actualizada de las principales complicaciones oncológicas, para ello se realizó una revisión de artículos originales, revisiones sistemáticas y narrativas en bases de datos como Scopus, SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect y en el buscador Google Scholar. Se seleccionaron 63 referencias que mostraran información relevante acerca de las urgencias oncológicas planteadas para el desarrollo del artículo. En la revisión se discute que las complicaciones pueden clasificarse de acuerdo con su origen en infecciosas (neutropenia febril), metabólicas (síndrome de lisis tumoral e hipercalcemia maligna) y obstructivas (síndrome de vena cava superior, obstrucción intestinal, compresión medular y taponamiento cardiaco). El diagnóstico requiere un alto índice de sospecha, el médico debe tener la capacidad resolutiva y el conocimiento necesarios para el manejo y hacer uso racional de los recursos diagnósticos. Es necesario adoptar medidas terapéuticas que impacten positivamente en el pronóstico y que reduzcan la morbimortalidad.

Oncological emergencies are common complications resulting from the natural evolution of the tumor or its management; however, some of them may be subtle or even overlooked, which contributes to greater morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to gather updated information on the main oncological complications. A narrative literatura review was performed by searching for original articles, systematic reviews and narratives, in databases such as Scopus, SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect and in the Google Scholar search engine. 63 references were selected that addressed relevant information about the oncological emergencies raised for the development of the article. According to their origin, complications can be classified into infectious (febrile neutropenia), metabolic (tumor lysis syndrome and malignant hypercalcemia) and obstructive (superior vena cava syndrome, intestinal obstruction, spinal cord compression and cardiac tamponade). Facing these complications requires a high level of suspicion; the physician must be able to resolve each complication and have the necessary knowledge to approach each case, with a rational use of diagnostic resources. It is also necessary to adopt therapeutic measures that positively impact patients. patient prognosis, decreasing morbidity and death.

As urgências oncológicas são complicações comuns da evolução natural do tumor ou do seu manejo. Algumas podem apresentar-se de maneira sutil e ser passadaspor encima, o que aumenta a morbimortalidade. O objetivo desta revisão narrativa é recopilar informação atualizada das principais complicações oncológicas, para isso se realizou uma revisão de artigos originais, revisões sistemáticas e narrativas em bases de dados como Scopus, SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect e no buscador Google Scholar. Se selecionaram 63 referências que mostraram informação relevante sobre às urgências oncológicas apresentadas para o desenvolvimento do artigo. Na revisão se discuteque as complicações podem classificar-se de acordo com a sua origem em infecciosas (neutropenia febril), metabólicas (síndrome de lise tumoral e hipercalcemia maligna) e obstrutivas (síndrome de veia cava superior, obstrução intestinal, compressão medular e entupimento cardíaco). O diagnóstico requere um alto índice de suspeita, o médico deve ter a capacidade resolutiva e o conhecimento necessário para o manejo e fazer uso racional dos recursos diagnósticos. É necessário adotar medidas terapêuticas que impactem positivamente no prognóstico e que reduzam a morbimortalidade.

Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in pediatric patients with oncohematological diseases

Abstract Introduction Invasive fungal diseases represent important causes of morbidity and mortality among pediatric oncohematological patients. Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis is a rare and aggressive disease that occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients. The mortality rate is high and therefore, accurate and early diagnosis is essential. Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis among pediatric oncohematological patients and characterize them with confirmed diagnoses. Methods This was a retrospective study that analyzed the medical records of pediatric patients diagnosed with oncohematological diseases and suspected fungal infections, who were included after obtaining informed consent, from January to December 2017, in the pediatric unit of a tertiary university hospital. Data collected from medical record analysis included the following: underlying diagnosis, absolute neutrophil count, clinical presentation, culture and biopsy results, surgical procedures performed, survival and mortality. Results A total of 27 patients were evaluated, with three suspected cases of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Histopathological and microbiological analyses confirmed two cases. In both cases, the pathogen isolated in the culture was Fusarium sp. The two confirmed cases were female, aged 12 and 14 years, both with an absolute neutrophil count of 10 cells/μL. The underlying disease of the first patient was acute myeloid leukemia (subtype M5), whereas the second patient presented idiopathic bone marrow aplasia. Conclusion Both confirmed cases of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis presented with constitutional symptoms and signs of nasal and sinusital inflammation. This demonstrates the importance of fever as a symptom in immunocompromised patients and it should prompt otorhinolaryngological investigation.

Manejo de los episodios de neutropenia febril en niños con cáncer: consenso de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica 2021 / Management of episodes of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer: consensus of the Latin American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 2021

Resumen El Comité de Infecciones en el Niño Inmunocomprometido de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica, entrega este documento de Consenso, llamado "Manejo de los episodios de neutropenia febril en niños con cáncer. Consenso de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica 2021". El documento contiene recomendaciones sobre aspectos de prevención, predicción, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de los episodios de fiebre y neutropenia, incluyendo recomendaciones específicas sobre: Análisis de ingreso; evaluación, ajustes y duración de terapias antimicrobianas; diagnóstico y manejo de infección fúngica invasora; análisis de los principales focos clínicos de infección; condiciones ambientales necesarias para hospitales que atienden niños con cáncer y quimioprofilaxis. Se ha puesto especial énfasis en entregar las mejores recomendaciones para optimizar el manejo de los episodios de fiebre y neutropenia en niños con cáncer, buscando la equidad y la excelencia a través de todos los centros que atienden estos pacientes en América Latina.

Abstract The Committee for Infections in Immunocompromised Children of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica, presents this Consensus document, titled "Management of episodes of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer. Consensus of the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica 2021". The document includes recommendations on prevention, prediction, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of episodes of fever and neutropenia, including specific recommendations on: Analysis at admission; evaluation, adjustments and duration of antimicrobial therapies; diagnosis and management of invasive fungal infection; analysis of the main clinical source of infections; environmental conditions necessary for hospitals caring for children with cancer and chemoprophylaxis. Special emphasis has been placed on providing the best recommendations to optimize the management of episodes of fever and neutropenia in children with cancer, with equity and excellence through all the centers that treat these patients in Latin America.

Evaluation of risk stratification strategies in pediatric patients with febrile neutropenia

Abstract Objective To evaluate the performance of risk stratification protocols for febrile neutropenia specific to the pediatric population. Methods Retrospective study of a cohort of pediatric patients undergoing cancer treatment with episodes of neutropenia due to chemotherapy and fever, treated at the emergency department of a tertiary cancer hospital from January 2015 to June 2017. Patients who were bone marrow transplant recipients and patients with neutropenia due to causes other than chemotherapy were excluded. Six protocols were applied to all patients: Rackoff, Alexander, Santolaya, Rondinelli, Ammann 2003, and Ammann 2010. The following outcomes were assessed: microbiological infection, death, ICU admission, and need for more than two antibiotics. The performance of each protocol was analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Results This study evaluated 199 episodes of febrile neutropenia in 118 patients. Microbiological infection was identified in 70 samples from 45 distinct episodes (22.6%), 30 patients used more than two antibiotics during treatment (15%), eight required ICU admission (4%), and one patient died (0.8%). Three protocols achieved high sensitivity indices and NPV regarding the outcomes of death and ICU admission: Alexander, Rackoff, and Ammann 2010; however, Rackoff showed higher sensitivity (0.82) and NPV (0.9) in relation to the microbiological infection outcome. Conclusion The Rackoff risk rating showed the best performance in relation to microbiological infection, death, and ICU admission, making it eligible for prospective evaluation.

Etiología bacteriana y susceptibilidad antibiótica en adultos con leucemias agudas y neutropenia febril con factores de alto riesgo / Bacterial etiology and antibiotic susceptibility in adults with acute leukemias and febrile neutropenia with high-risk factors

Introducción: La neutropenia febril es una complicación que predispone a infecciones bacterianas de etiología diversa y aumenta la mortalidad en los pacientes con leucemia. El objetivo general del presente trabajo determinó la frecuencia de la etiología bacteriana, en los objetivos específicos se cuantificó en porcentaje los tipos de bacterias encontradas, se identificó la susceptibilidad y la resistencia antimicrobiana, además de sus infecciones, se estableció los factores de alto riesgo de mal pronóstico más frecuentes. Métodos: En el presente descriptivo de tipo transversal se revisaron historias clínicas del servicio de oncología clínica del Instituto Oncológico Nacional "Dr. Juan Tanca Marengo" Solca_Guayquil. El período estudio fue del 1ro de enero del 2013 al 31 de diciembre del 2014. El cálculo muestral fue probabilístico de 60 casos. Se incluyeron pacientes con leucemia en curso de quimioterapia y que evolucionaron con leucopenia febril, adicionalmente se incluyeron los pacientes con focos infecciosos evidentes y cultivos positivos. Las variables fueron demográficas características clínicas de la leucemia, estudio bacteriológico, tratamiento antibiótico y comorbilidades. Se utiliza estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Ingresaron al estudio 58 pacientes, fueron 30/58 mujeres (51%). La mayoría con edades de 17 a 20 años 15/58 casos (25.9%). 35/58 casos (60%) correspondieron a leucemias linfobásticas y 23/58 casos (40%) a miloides. El foco infeccioso más frecuentemente fue gastrointestinal 18 %(n=27), la piel y tejidos blandos con un 17 %(n=26). Se realizaron 98 cultivos, con el 52% de culti-vos positivos, 25 % BLEE, 4% BLAC. La etiología fue E. Coli 26% aislada de sangre. La sensibilidad fue 100 % amikacina, 100 %, imipenem ,100 meropenem, 100 % tigeciclina, 90 % piperazilina tazobactam, 18 %, cefepime, 50% clindamicina y 50% oxacilina. El máximo tiempo de neutropenia fue 30 días, con una mediana de neutrófilos 230 u/ul, con un promedio de 3 días de fiebre. Los factores de riesgo fueron 17% desnutrición ,15% hepatopatías %, 6% hipertensión y diabetes. Conclusiones: La etiología bacteriana más frecuente fue E. Coli. Existe una sensibilidad antibiótica baja para los gram negativos en todas las cefalosporinas de primera hasta cuarta generación en los antibiogramas del estudio. Hay un perfil de baja resistencia a los antibióticos carbapenémicos junto a amikacina con piperacilina tazobactam. La vancomicina y el linezolid no tienen resistencia bacteriana la presentación etológica para gram positivos, el más prevalente fue el estafilococo aureus meticilino resistente tipo BLAC.

Introduction: Febrile neutropenia is a complication that predisposes to bacterial infections of diverse etiology and increases mortality in patients with leukemia. The general objective of this work determined the frequency of bacterial etiology, in the specific objectives the types of bacteria found were quantified in percentage, susceptibility and antimicrobial resistance were identified, in addition to their infections, factors were established high risk of poor prognosis more frequent. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional type, clinical records of the clinical oncology service of the National Oncological Institute "Dr. Juan Tanca Marengo "Solca_Guayquil. The study period was from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014. The sample calculation was probabilistic of 60 cases. Patients with leukemia undergoing chemotherapy and who evolved with febrile leukopenia were included, additionally patients with obvious infectious foci and positive cultures were included. The variables were demographic, clinical characteristics of the leukemia, bacteriological study, antibiotic treatment, and comorbidities. Descriptive statistics are used. Results: 58 patients entered the study, 30/58 were women (51%). The majority aged 17 to 20 years 15/58 cases (25.9%). 35/58 cases (60%) corresponded to lymphoblastic leukemias and 23/58 cases (40%) to myloids. The most frequent infectious focus was gastrointestinal 18% (n = 27), skin and soft tissues with 17% (n = 26). 98 cultures were performed, with 52% positive cultures, 25% ESBL, 4% BLAC. The etiology was E. Coli 26% isolated from blood. The sensitivity was 100% amika-cin, 100%, imipenem, 100 meropenem, 100% tigecycline, 90% tazobactam piperazilin, 18%, ce-fepime, 50% clindamycin, and 50% oxacillin. The maximum time of neutropenia was 30 days, with a neutrophil average of 230 u / ul, with an average of 3 days of fever. The risk factors were 17% malnutrition, 15% liver disease, 6% hypertension and diabetes. Conclusions: The most frequent bacterial etiology was E. Coli. There is a low antibiotic sensitivity for gram negatives in all first through fourth generation cephalosporins in the study antibiograms. There is a profile of low resistance to carbapenemic antibiotics together with amikacin with piperacillin tazobactam. Vancomycin and linezolid do not have bacterial resistance in the ethological presentation for gram positives, the most prevalent was methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus BLAC type.

Febrile neutropenia management in pediatri onco-hematologic patients: a systematic review / Manejo da neutropenia febril em pacientes pediátricos onco-hematológicos: uma revisão sistemática / Manejo de la neutropenia febril en pacientes pediátricos oncohematológicos: una revisión sistemática

Background and Objectives: cancer cases are gradually increasing, and most treatments still cause several adverse reactions, such as myelosuppression. When neutrophils decline, febrile neutropenia (FN) can be triggered, considered an oncological emergency, leaving patients susceptible to infections. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the best treatment, seeking to reduce the risk of complications. The purpose of this review is to identify, in literature, randomized clinical studies that compare different treatments for FN in pediatric onco-hematological patients. Content: a systematic search was carried out on the PubMed database, for randomized clinical studies, from 2009 to 2019, in English, using "Febrile Neutropenia", "Pediatric", and "Therapeutics" as descriptors. A total of 233 articles were found, seven of which were selected for review. The most described antimicrobial for FN treatment was Piperacillin/Tazobactam (PIP/TAZ) and its use is justified by its spectrum of action to cover the most frequent microorganisms in patients with FN. The possibility of using oral antimicrobials may be an alternative and should be analyzed. The description of the risk classification criteria is essential to guide the therapy, and new tools, such as the stewardship, add safety to patient care. Conclusion: the most used antimicrobial to treat FN was PIP/TAZ, and the establishment of standardized risk classification scores in pediatric onco-hematological patients is essential to guide clinical management in FN treatment.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: os casos de câncer estão aumentando gradativamente, e a maioria dos tratamentos ainda causa várias reações adversas, como a mielossupressão. Com o declínio dos neutrófilos, pode-se desencadear a neutropenia febril (NF), considerada uma emergência oncológica, deixando o paciente suscetível a infecções. Portanto, é necessário determinar o melhor tratamento, visando reduzir o risco de complicações. O objetivo desta revisão é identificar, na literatura, estudos clínicos randomizados que comparem diferentes tratamentos para NF em pacientes onco-hematológicos pediátricos. Conteúdo: foi realizada busca sistemática na base de dados PubMed, de estudos clínicos randomizados, no período de 2009 a 2019, na língua inglesa, utilizando como descritores "Febrile Neutropenia", "Pediatric" e "Therapeutics". Foram encontrados 233 artigos, dos quais sete foram selecionados para revisão. O antimicrobiano mais descrito para o tratamento com FN foi Piperacilina / Tazobactam (PIP / TAZ) e seu uso justifica-se por seu espectro de ação para cobrir os microrganismos mais frequentes em pacientes com FN. A possibilidade de uso de antimicrobianos orais pode ser uma alternativa e deve ser analisada. A descrição dos critérios de classificação de risco é essencial para orientar a terapia, e novas ferramentas, como o stewardship, agregam segurança ao atendimento ao paciente. Conclusão: o antimicrobiano mais utilizado para tratar FN foi o PIP / TAZ, e o estabelecimento de escores de classificação de risco padronizados em pacientes onco-hematológicos pediátricos é essencial para orientar o manejo clínico no tratamento de FN.(AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos: los casos de cáncer están aumentando gradualmente y la mayoría de los tratamientos aún causan varias reacciones adversas, como la mielosupresión. Cuando los neutrófilos disminuyen, se puede desencadenar la neutropenia febril (FN), considerada una emergencia oncológica, dejando a los pacientes susceptibles a infecciones. Por tanto, es necesario determinar el mejor tratamiento, buscando reducir el riesgo de complicaciones. El propósito de esta revisión es identificar, en la literatura, estudios clínicos aleatorizados que comparen diferentes tratamientos para la FN en pacientes pediátricos oncohematológicos. Contenido: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en la base de datos PubMed, de estudios clínicos aleatorizados, de 2009 a 2019, en inglés, utilizando como descriptores "Febrile Neutropenia", "Pediatric" y "Therapeutics". Se encontraron un total de 233 artículos, siete de los cuales fueron seleccionados para revisión. El antimicrobiano más descrito para el tratamiento de FN fue Piperacilina / Tazobactam (PIP / TAZ) y su uso se justifica por su espectro de acción para cubrir los microorganismos más frecuentes en pacientes con FN. La posibilidad de utilizar antimicrobianos orales puede ser una alternativa y debe analizarse. La descripción de los criterios de clasificación de riesgo es fundamental para orientar la terapia, y nuevas herramientas, como la rectoría, añaden seguridad a la atención al paciente. Conclusión: el antimicrobiano más utilizado para tratar la FN fue la PIP / TAZ, y el establecimiento de puntuaciones estandarizadas de clasificación de riesgo en pacientes pediátricos oncohematológicos es fundamental para orientar el manejo clínico en el tratamiento de la FN.(AU)

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la neutropenia febril en el paciente oncohematológico / Diagnosis and treatment of febrile neutropenia in oncohematological patients

Introducción: La neutropenia febril incide frecuentemente en pacientes con hemopatías malignas y representa una urgencia médica; actualmente su manejo terapéutico constituye un verdadero reto debido a la aparición de infecciones por microorganismos multirresistentes y la coexistencia de factores dependientes del paciente y del tratamiento, lo cual contribuye a situaciones de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones graves. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva del tema en las principales bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, se utilizó como referencia artículos actualizados publicados principalmente en los últimos 5 años. Análisis y síntesis de la información: Se abordó fundamentalmente el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico en los pacientes de alto riesgo de complicaciones por infecciones bacterianas, así como su evaluación integral. Se incluyen herramientas recientes de pesquisa de sepsis y daño orgánico relacionado con ella, que constituyen elementos predictivos de mortalidad en estos pacientes. Conclusiones: El abordaje integral de la neutropenia febril incluye además de una evaluación clínica y humoral exquisita, la aplicación de herramientas pronósticas para la estratificación de riesgo de cada paciente. El tratamiento de los pacientes debe comenzar en la primera hora de haberse documentado la fiebre, ya que las infecciones pueden ser rápidamente progresivas con un alto riesgo de desarrollo de sepsis, inestabilidad hemodinámica y disfunción multiorgánica(AU)

Introduction: Febrile neutropenia frequently affects patients with hematological malignancies and constitutes a medical emergency. Its therapeutic management is a real challenge at present, due to the appearance of infections caused by multiresistant microorganisms and the coexistence of patient- and treatment-dependent factors leading to risk for serious complications. Methods: An exhaustive review was conducted about the topic in the main databases of the Virtual Health Library, for which papers mainly published in the last five years were used as reference. Data analysis and synthesis: A diagnostic and therapeutic approach was applied to the study of patients at high risk for complications due to bacterial infections and their comprehensive evaluation. Recent tools to screen sepsis and sepsis-related organ damage are included which constitute mortality prediction elements in these patients. Conclusions: Comprehensive management of febrile neutropenia includes not only a detailed clinical and humoral evaluation, but also the application of prognostic tools for risk stratification in each patient. Patient treatment should be started within the first hour after fever documentation, since infections may be rapidly progressive with a high risk for the development of sepsis, hemodynamic instability and multiple organ dysfunction(AU)

Caracterización clínica y microbiológica de episodios de bacteriemia por Streptococcus grupo viridans en niños con cáncer y neutropenia febril de alto riesgo / Clinical characteristics and microbiological profile of viridans group streptococci bacteremia in children with cancer and high-risk febrile neutropenia

Resumen Introducción: Streptococcus grupo viridans (SGV) ha adquirido relevancia como microorganismo causante de neutropenia febril, asociándose a morbilidad significativa. Objetivo: Caracterizar episodios de bacteriemia causados por SGV en niños con cáncer que desarrollaron neutropenia febril de alto riesgo (NFAR) desde abril de 2004 a junio de 2018 en seis hospitales pediátricos de Santiago, Chile. Pacientes y Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de bases de datos de cuatro proyectos FONDECYT sucesivos, prospectivos y multicéntricos, registrando características clínicas y de laboratorio de los pacientes, además de patrón de resistencia antimicrobiana de las cepas aisladas. Resultados: Se registraron 95 episodios de bacteriemia asociada a SGV en 91 niños con NFAR. Destacan: leucemia mieloide aguda como enfermedad de base, neutropenia profunda, hospitalización prolongada (15 días), uso extendido de antimicrobianos (14 días), uso de citarabina en esquemas de quimioterapia (86% episodios). Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron respiratoria y gastrointestinal, asociándose en 26% a síndrome de shock por Streptococcus grupo viridans. Hubo elevada resistencia a β lactámicos, sin cepas no susceptibles a vancomicina. Discusión: SGV es un patógeno relevante en niños con cáncer, fiebre y neutropenia en nuestro medio, asociado a casos de sepsis. La resistencia a β lactámicos es un aspecto que requiere vigilancia epidemiológica estricta en esta población.

Abstract Background: Viridans group streptococci (VGS) has acquired relevance as a microorganism causing febrile neutropenia, associated with significant morbidity. Aim: To characterize episodes of bacteremia caused by VGS in children with cancer who developed high-risk febrile neutropenia (HRFN) during the period from April 2004 to June 2018 in six pediatric hospitals of Santiago, Chile. Method: Database analysis of 4 successive, prospective and multicentric studies recording clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients, as well as antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolated strains. Results: 95 episodes of VGS bacteremia in 91 children with HRFN were analyzed. It emphasizes acute myeloid leukemia as cancer type, deep neutropenia, prolonged hospitalization (15 days), with extended use of antimicrobials (14 days) and use of cytarabine in chemotherapy schemes (86% episodes). The most frequent clinical manifestations were respiratory and gastrointestinal, associating up to 26% viridans group shock syndrome. There was high resistance to β lactams. As expected, there were not non-susceptible strains to vancomycin. Discussion: VGS is a relevant microorganism in children with cancer, fever and neutropenia, with a high percentage of sepsis. Resistance to β lactams is an issue that requires strict epidemiological surveillance in this population.

Neutropenia febril. Análisis de casos en un centro de tercer nivel de atención / Febrile neutropenia. Case analysis in a third level attention center

Introducción: La neutropenia febril es una urgencia infectológica con agentes etiológicos diversos. La causa más frecuente es la postquimioterapia, con una incidencia del 80%en inmunocomprometidos. Requiere el uso de antimicrobianos de amplio espectro, que originan mayores gastos en el sistema de salud. Objetivos: identificar los agentes microbiológicos en pacientes con neutropenia febril internados en el Hospital de la Asociación Médica de Bahía Blanca "Dr.Felipe Glasman" (HAMBB), en el periodo enero-diciembre de 2017; evaluar la sensibilidad y resistencia antimicrobiana; determinar el porcentaje de rédito de los cultivos. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo. Se obtuvieron datos de historias clínicas y de registros informatizados de los pacientes hospitalizados por neutropenia febril. Resultados: Se analizaron 52 episodios de 49 de pacientes. Las patologías de base fueron: tumores sólidos (54%); oncohematológicos (36%); enfermedades no neoplásicas (8%). El episodio febril fue postquimioterapia (48 %): por infección (35%); otras causas (17%). El 31% de los episodios postquimioterapia ocurrieron postratamiento (7-15 días). Los cultivos fueron negativos en el 69%. Se identificaron E.coli (15%); S.aureus (8%), P.aeruginosa (4%); 2% enterobacter (2%); E.faecalis ( 2%). Sensibilidad antibiótica: E.coli sensible a aminoglucósidos y fluoroquinolonas en el 87,5%, con resistencia de 50% para betalactámicos; a betalactámicos+IBL, cefalosporinas de 1° generación y cotrimoxazol (37,5%). S.aureus, E.faecalis, Enterobacter y P. aeruginosa fueron 100% sensibles a los antibióticos testeados. Conclusiones: El mayor porcentaje: bacterias Gram (-); principal agente causal: E. coli; principal agente Gram (+): S. aureus. La mayoría fueron pacientes con tumores sólidos. El 50 % de los episodios fue posterior postquimioterapia. El mayor rédito se obtuvo en hemocultivos. La mayor parte de los gérmenes fueron sensibles a la terapéutica empírica utilizada en nuestro hospital. (AU)

Introduction: Febrile neutropenia is an infectious emergency with diverse etiological agents. The most frequent cause is post-chemotherapy, with an incidence of 80% in immunocompromised patients. It requires the use of broadspectrum antimicrobials, which lead to higher expenses in the health system. Objectives: To identify the microbiological agents in patients with febrile neutropenia admitted to Bahía Blanca Medical Association "Dr. Felipe Glasman " Hospital (HAMBB) in the January-December 2017 period; to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance; to determine the percentage of positive cultures. Materials and Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study. Data from medical records and computerized records of patients hospitalized for febrile neutropenia were obtained. Results: 52 episodes from 49 patients were analyzed. Underlying pathologies were: solid tumors (54%); oncohaematological (36%); non-neoplastic diseases (8%). The febrile episode was postchemotherapy (48%); due to infection (35%); other causes (17%). Thirty one per cent (31%) of post-chemotherapy episodes occurred after treatment (7-15 days). Cultures were negative in 69% of the cases. We could identify E.coli (15%); S.aureus (8%), P. aeruginosa (4%); 2% enterobacter (2%); E.faecalis (2%). Antibiotic susceptibility: E.coli sensitive to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones in 87.5%, with 50% resistance to betalactams; to beta-lactamases + IBL, 1st generation cephalosporins and cotrimoxazole (37.5%). S.aureus, E.faecalis, Enterobacter and P. aeruginosa were 100% susceptible to the antibiotics tested. Conclusions: The highest percentage: Gram bacteria (-); main causal agent: E. coli; Main agent Gram (+): S. aureus. The majority were patients with solid tumors. 50% of the episodes were post-chemotherapy. The occurrence was obtained in blood cultures. Most germs were susceptible to the empirical therapy used in our hospital. (AU)

Características clínicas y microbiológicas de pacientes con neutropenia febril en un hospital Universitario / Clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with febrile neutropenia in one Colombian Universitary Hospital

Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, demográficas, frecuencia, tipo de aislamientos microbiológicos y resistencia a los antimicrobianos de pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas que presentaron como complicación neutropenia febril en el Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio Métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional, se tomaron datos de historias clínicas de los pacientes adultos hospitalizados en la Unidad de Hematología y Trasplante de Médula Ósea, que cumplieron criterios de neutropenia febril entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2014 Resultados: se recolectaron 345 episodios de neutropenia febril, correspondientes a 193 pacientes. Se documentó foco infeccioso en el 68,1% de los episodios, con aislamiento microbiológico en el 62.9% de los episodios, con predominio de bacilos gram negativos, en 63,7% de los casos, seguido por los cocos gram positivos en 27,9% y hongos en 4,9%. En cuanto a los mecanismos de resistencia, en los aislamientos Escherichia coli y Klebsiella peumoniae se encontró producción de Beta Lactamasas de Espectro Extendido (BLEEs) en 17,5 y 13,8%; Carbapenemasas tipo KPC en 1,25 y 2,8% respectivamente. En cuanto a Staphylococcus aureus, se encontró resistencia a meticilina en 6,8% de los aislamientos. Mortalidad asociada a infección en 16,5% de los casos. Conclusión: En pacientes con Neoplasias Hematológicas con neutropenia febril post quimioterapia en el Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio encontramos alta probabilidad de documentación de foco infeccioso, con predominio de microorganismos gram negativos, especialmente enterobacterias; con comportamiento similar en pacientes post trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos.

Objective: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as frequency and type of bacterial isolate and resistance patterns in patients with hematological neoplasms complicated by febrile neutropenia at San Ignacio University Hospital Methods: This is a retrospective observational study. Data were collected from medical records of adult patients admitted in the Hemato-oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit. Inclusion criteria was presence of febrile neutropenia in the setting of a hematological neoplasm from January 2013 to December 2014. Results: 345 episodes of febrile neutropenia from 193 patients were studied. An infectious focus was identified in 68.1% of episodes, and a bacterial isolate was obtained in 62.9% of episodes. The predominant microorganisms were gram-negative rods, gram-positive cocci, and fungi with a frequency of 63.7%, 27.9%, and 4.9% respectively. In term of resistance patterns, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella peumoniae isolates had a frequency of ESBL susceptibility pattern of 17.5% and 13.8% respectively; and a frequency of KPC susceptibility pattern of 1.25% and 2.8% respectively. The frequency of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was 6.8%. Death associated to infection ocurred in 16.5% of episodes. Conclusions: In patients with hematological neoplasms complicated by febrile neutropenia at San Ignacio University Hospital, we found a high rate of documentation of infectious focus, with a predominance of gram-negative rods, specially Enterobacteriacea; with a similar pattern in receptors of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Características de los pacientes adultos con neutropenia febril en un hospital universitario (Medellín, 2012-2016) / Characteristics of adult patients with febrile neutropenia in a university hospital (Medellin, 2012-2016) / Características dos pacientes adultos com neutropenia febril em um hospital universitário (Medellín, 2012-2016)

Objetivo: la neutropenia febril es una urgencia médica que se presenta frecuentemente en pacientes con inmunosupresión asociada a tratamientos oncológicos, que aumenta el riesgo de complicaciones infecciosas y de morir. El objetivo de esta investigación es describir las características clínicas, microbiológicas y pronósticas de los pacientes con neutropenia febril en un hospital universitario. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo, entre enero de 2012 y junio de 2016, en pacientes con diagnóstico de neutropenia febril (neutrófilos menores de 500 cel/mm, temperatura mayor de 38 °C) hospitalizados en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe de Medellín, Colombia. Resultados: se evaluaron 226 pacientes con neutropenia febril, de los que el 96% tenía enfermedad oncológica de base. Las principales fuentes de infección fueron la piel y el tracto gastrointestinal. Del total de los hemocultivos, el 31% fue positivo. El principal aislamiento fue Escherichia coli (E. coli) y la mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 17%. Conclusiones: las características clínicas de la población fueron similares a las de la literatura internacional. Se encontraron algunas discrepancias en cuanto a epidemiología de los microorganismos aislados, resistencia microbiana y mortalidad. Solo un tercio de los pacientes presentó bacteriemia, E. coli sigue siendo el principal patógeno.

Objective: Febrile neutropenia is a condition present in patients with some degree of immunosuppression associated to oncology treatment, which leads to risks of infectious complications and death. The aim of this research is to describe the clinical, microbiological and prognostic characteristics in patients with febrile neutropenia in a university hospital. Methodology: Retrospective cohort study developed between January of 2012 and June of 2016 in patients with febrile neutropenia (neutrophils <500 cell/mm, temperature >38.3 °C), who were hospitalized in the Pablo Tobon Uribe Hospital of Medellin, Colombia. Results: 226 patients were evaluated, 96% of who had an oncological diagnostic. The main infectious sources were the skin and the gastrointestinal tract. Blood cultures were positive in 31%. The main pathogen was Escherichia coli in 26% and the overall hospital mortality rate was 17%. Conclusions: The clinical characteristics of our population were similar to the national and international reports, but we found epidemiological differences in microbiological agents, bacterial resistance and mortality. Only one third of the patients presented bacteremia. E. coli remains the main pathogen involved.

Objetivo: a neutropenia febril é uma urgência médica que se apresenta frequentemente em pacientes com imunossupressão associada a tratamentos oncológicos, que aumenta o risco de complicações infecciosas e de morte. O objetivo desta investigação é descrever as características clínicas, microbiológicas e prognósticas dos pacientes com neutropenia febril em um hospital universitário. Metodologia: estudo observacional descritivo, entre janeiro de 2012 e junho de 2016, em pacientes com diagnóstico de neutropenia febril (neutrófilos menores de 500 cel/mm, temperatura maior de 38 °C) hospitalizados no Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe de Medellín, Colômbia. Resultados: se avaliaram 226 pacientes com neutropenia febril, dos quais, 96% tinha doença oncológica de base. As principais fontes de infecção foram a pele e o trato gastrointestinal. Do total das hemoculturas, 31% foi positivo. O principal isolamento foi Escherichia coli (E. coli) e a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 17%. Conclusões: as características clínicas da população foram similares às da literatura internacional. Se encontraram algumas discrepâncias em quanto a epidemiologia dos microrganismos isolados, resistência microbiana e mortalidade. Só um terço dos pacientes apresentou bacteriemia, E. coli segue sendo o principal patógeno.